在 C++ 中,操作符(运算符)可以被重载以改写其实际操作。同时我们可以定义一个函数为类的朋友函数(friend function)以便使得这个函数能够访问类的私有成员,这个定义通常在头文件中完成。
在Visual C++中定义一般的函数为朋友函数通常是没有问题的。然而对某些重载操作符的函数,即使我们将它们定义为类的朋友函数,VC的编译器仍然会显示出错信息,认为这些朋友函数无权访问类的私有成员。我认为这应该是VC6.0的bug。
以下代码就是个例子:
// 头文件 "Sample.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Sample {
public:
Sample();
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s);
friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s);
private:
int x;
};
|
// 实现文件 "Sample.cpp"
#include "Sample.h"
Sample::Sample() {
x=0;
}
istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s) {
cout<<"Please enter a value"<<endl;
in >> s.x ;
return in;
}
ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s) {
cout << s.x << endl;
return out;
}
|
以上代码在gnuc++中编译运行毫无问题。但是在VC++6.0中编译的时候就会出现以下的编译错误:
Compiling… Sample.cpp c:\temp\sample.cpp(8) : error C2248: ‘x’ : cannot access private member declared in class ‘Sample’ c:\temp\sample.h(19) : see declaration of ‘x’ c:\temp\sample.cpp(13) : error C2248: ‘x’ : cannot access private member declared in class ‘Sample’ c:\temp\sample.h(19) : see declaration of ‘x’ Error executing cl.exe.Sample.obj – 2 error(s), 0 warning(s) |
在VC++ 6.0中解决这个问题有以下几种方法:
- 在头文件中实现作为朋友函数的操作符函数的重载,也就是说在实现文件”Sample.cpp”中将函数重载的实现去掉,而将头文件修改如下:
// 修改后的头文件 1 "Sample.h" #include<iostream> using namespace std; class Sample { public: Sample(); friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s); friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s) { cout << s.x << endl; return out; } friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s); friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s) { cout<<"Please enter a value"<<endl; in >> s.x ; return in; } private: int x; };
- 在头文件中类定义之前将类和朋友操作符函数的原型特别声明一下,也就是将头文件修改如下(实现文件”Sample.cpp”不用作任何修改):
// 修改后的头文件 2 "Sample.h" #include<iostream> using namespace std; // 以下3行代码为新加入 class Sample; ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s); istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s); class Sample { public: Sample(); friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s); friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s); private: int x; };
- 第三种方法是对I/O名空间的使用实行明确声明,也就是说在头文件”Sample.h”中直接写:
#include<iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::istream
….
取代 “using namespace std;”
注意:在这个例子里我们在实现文件 “Sample.cpp”中包含 “using namespace std;”这句话,否则在实现中就不能使用 “cout” , “cin”, “<< “, “>>” 和 endl 这些关键字和符号。修改后的完整代码如下:// Sample.h #include<iostream> using std::istream; using std::ostream; class Sample { public: Sample(); friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s); /*friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s) { cout << s.x << endl; return out; }*/ friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s); /*friend istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s) { cout<<"Please enter a value"<<endl; in >> s.x ; return in; }*/ private: int x; };
// "Sample.cpp" #include "Sample.h" using namespace std; Sample::Sample() { x=5; } istream &operator>>(istream &in, Sample & s) { cout<<"Please enter a value"<<endl; in >> s.x ; return in; } ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Sample s) { cout << s.x << endl; return out; }